Here’s the short answer, unless you are on your own boat, understand and are willing to take the risk, don’t do it. If you are interested in why, read on.
When sailing on any point of sail from a close haul to a broad reach, a jib is not nearly as effective as the main. A large part of the reason why boils down to something called the Center of Effort (COE) vs. the Center of Lateral Resistance (CLR). Without getting too technical, COE is the specific point in the sail plan where the force of the wind trying to move the boat forward is focused. Each sail has it’s own COE, located more or less at the geometric center of the sail. The boat as a whole has a COE located between the COE of the jib and the COE of the main. There are a number of factors that can influence and move the COE forward and aft. Factors that are expanded upon in the Advanced Coastal Cruising class, so I won’t go into them here. For now, as I indicated, a simplified version says the overall COE should be located somewhere between the jib COE and the main COE.
CLR on the other hand is below the waterline. It is the point where the boat is perfectly balanced fore and aft. Push on that point, and the boat will move directly away. Push forward of the CLR and the bow moves more than the stern. Push aft of the CLR and the stern moves away.
The net result is that while sailing, the COE should be above and slightly aft of the CLR. Doing so results in a slight amount of weather helm (the tendency of the boat to want to turn towards the wind). If you remove the main from the equation the weather helm goes away and is replaced by lee helm because the COE is now forward of the CLR There are several down sides to lee helm. First, you loose the feedback at the helm that weather helm gives you. Second, it is very difficult to head up with lee helm, and even more difficult to tack. Typically, the boat will stall half way through the tack, ending up in irons. Finally, an untended rudder on a boat with weather helm will turn into the wind and stop. With lee helm, the boat turns away from the wind and continues to run until something (like a lee shore) brings it to a stop. Yeah, I know, how many sailors are going to walk away from the helm and let that happen. You may not have a choice. Maybe you just fell overboard, or even more likely, the steering breaks, and you no longer have control of the rudder. It happens, far too often for me to want to take a chance.
That brings us to the one situation where sailing under jib MAY be OK, sailing downwind in a mild to moderate wind. However, there are a number of caveats. First, make sure you have a backstay! Several years ago, three boats in the Caribbean experienced rig failures, on the same day. The problem, no backstay to absorb the forces placed on the mast. The wind was above “moderate” resulting in the masts falling forward. In this case, all three boats were Hunter’s, however, any boat with no backstay is subject to the same problem. Also, if the forestay is fractional (does not go all the way to the top of the mast) then the forestay and backstay don’t match up. The forestay attaches a number of feet lower, placing uneven pressure on the mast. When the main is up, the leach of the main helps ease that pressure.
Basically, we have now eliminated nearly all situations. To recap:
- Don’t sail under jib alone close hauled, close reaching, or beam reaching.
- Probably not even a good idea to sail under jib alone on a broad reach.
- Don’t do it on a boat with no backstay
- Fractional rigs can be a problem.
- A jib alone in anything more than about 15 knots is asking for trouble, for example, furling it will be a challenge, the mast can “pump”, and your bow is going to tend to be forced down (not a good idea when surfing down a wave face.)
- And, finally, think about what happens if you loose steering control. With a main, you can bring the boat into the wind and stop while you deploy an anchor. With a main and jib, you can actually steer the boat by either trimming the main and easing the jib (to head up) or trimming the jib and easing the main (to bear away).
All in all, sailing under jib alone is not a good idea. If you are sailing your own boat, and you understand the risks (all those items listed above), then go for it, it’s your boat. If it’s not your boat (aka a Tradewinds Charter) there are too many things that can go wrong, all of which may result in painful injuries to you, your crew, or your pocket book.
Excellent article Don, thank you. Would jib-only be appropriate for some docking scenarios if the engine is inoperable?
Chuck
P.S. For readers who are curious about mast pumping, a really striking demonstration is shown in Brion Toss’s video “Tuning Your Rig.”
You are absolutely right, a jib alone is not only ok, but pretty much required when sailing into a downwind slip. It is very hard to depower a main (without lowering it) while on a run.
Don
Hi Don, yet another wonderful refresher lesson! Just enough of the physics to be meaningful, and all the “what happens” and then the “why nots”! Your notes and lessons are the first article I read in the Tradewinds Newsletter!
Gene
Chuck,
This is an observant question. Don’s caveats are very good but are not intended to cover the emergency situation of docking under sail. As we teach in BCC, when approaching your berth from upwind under sail, you must douse the main and proceed under jib alone, as you cannot de-power the main downwind. When you are within a safe distance (determined by your speed and the wind conditions), furl the jib and come into the dock very slowly under bare poles.
Ok. Learned this the hard way this afternoon. New to sailing, but can certainly make a boat go. No real formal training. Took my daughter out for the first time and thought,”maybe I’ll just put up the job so we have less to worry with, less fabric will make things more manageable “. Not the case. Heading out into the river with just the jib, dead into the wind, got past the river marker, turned to port and immediately had too little rudder to do anything, no control and the boat heeled over hard. Started the motor to force our bow into the wind and couldn’t quite get there. At this point we’re drifting into a bad area with rocks. Released the cleat, jumped up to the bow and pulled the sail in fast, back to the cockpit, started the motor and motored in embarrassed and scratching my head; just couldn’t figure out what I had done wrong. Now I know. Great article. I sail a 20′ Henley. Sailed it hundred miles home down the Chesapeake to cobb island. It’s a great little boat with a skipper that’s still learning. Thanks for the article; I’m wiser for having read it.
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Alan Eddy globetrotted under double jibs in tradewinds.
Of course people sail all over the place without using mainsails. We are running a sailing club in a very challenging area to learn to sail. We restrict our members from doing this to avoid those incidents where someone misses a close tack and runs into a moored barge or other obstacle on the bay! It has happened! I also checked our database for that name and came up empty. Of course we’ve only owned Tradewinds for 20 years and even though the current database does contain imports from the previous (DBASE) database, it probably doesn’t stretch all the way back to 1962 – is this someone from the way-back Tradewinds when everything was paper records? Or are you getting us confused with another Tradewinds?
What Matt said. But I think you were speaking of the Alan Eddy who was one of the old-time circumnavigators from the sixties or so, not a Tradewinds member.
Unlike Eddy, we’re not in the Tradewinds, and what’s more, we’re surrounded by traffic and lee shores in every direction and need a lot of maneuverability.
Twin poled-out jibs is a great rig, and used by many on the Singlehanded Transpac. It’s what we used as a downwind rig in the Pacific, where you’re going to be on the same point of sail for days on end. In the Bay, a dodgy idea, so limit this to your own boat.